PART10: Landscape

2. For a more thorough discussion of this see Rebecca Stone-Miller Art of the Andes, 2nd edition (New York and London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), pp. 15-16.

3. The main early sixteenth-century sources are accounts from Spanish soldiers and clergy such as Pedro de Cieza de León, Juan de Betanzos, Juan Polo de Ondegardo, Bartolomé de Las Casas [see Terence N. D’Altroy, The Incas (Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002), pp. 9-20 for a detailed description of these authors and their contributions].

4. D’Altroy, The Incas, p. 145 believes that this “trinity” of deities was a “Christian imposition on Andean religion” but recognizes that “the gods were clearly intertwined.”

5. R. Tom Zuidema, “Inca Cosmos in Andean Context,” in Andean Cosmologies Through Time: Persistence and Emergence, eds. Robert V. H. Dover, Katharine E. Seibold and John H. McDowell (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), p. 18.

6. Several Spanish writers mention this myth including Juan Polo de Ondegardo, “Relación del linaje de los Incas y cómo extendieron ellos sus conquistas in Colección de Libros y Documentos Referentes a ha Historia del Perú, ed.Horacio H. Urteaga, vol. 3, pp. 45-94 (Lima: Sanmartí, 1917 [1571]); and, Bernabé Cobo, History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians’ Customs and their Origin, Together with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions. trans. Roland Hamilton (Austin: University of Texas, 1979).

7. Susan A. Niles, “Inca Architecture and the Sacred Landscape,” in The Ancient Americas: Art from the Sacred Landscapes, ed. Richard F. Townsend, pp. 347-357 (Chicago and Munich: The Art Institute of Chicago and Prestal Verlag, 1992), p. 354.

8. Stone-Miller, Art of the Andes, p. 187.

9. See articles by Johan Reinhard in National Geographic: “Peru’s Ice Maidens: Unwrapping the Secrets,” vol. 189, no. 6, pp. 62-81, 1996; and, “At 22,000 Feet Children of Inca Sacrifice Found Frozen in Time,” vol. 196, no. 5, pp. 36-55, 1999.

10. Stone-Miller, Art of the Andes, p. 16.

11. Niles, “Inca Architecture,” p. 357.

12. Ibid., p. 354.

13. D’Altroy, The Incas, p. 151.

14. David S.P. Dearborn and Raymond E. White, “The ‘Torreón’ at Machu Picchu as an Observatory,” in Archaeoastronomy, no. 5, pp. S37-S49, 1983. The Semi-Circular Temple is also called the “Torreón” or “Observatory.”

15. Niles, “Inca Architecture,” p. 357.

16. César Paternosto, The Stone and the Thread: Andean Roots of Abstract Art, trans. Esther Allen (Austin: University of Texas, 1996), p. 60.

17. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Historia de los Incas. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 135, pp. 193-297 (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1960 [1572]), pp. 212-214.

18. Johan Reinhard, Machu Picchu: The Sacred Center (Lima: Nuevas Imagenes, 1991), p. 53 cites John Rowe as the originator of the “place spirit” idea but does not provide specific bibliographic information.

19. Craig Morris and Donald E. Thompson, Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985), p. 56.

20. Adriana Von Hagen and Craig Morris, The Cities of the Ancient Andes (London: Thames and Hudson, 1998), p. 194.

WORKS CITED

Betanzos, Juan de. Narrative of the Incas. trans. and ed., Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996 [1576].

Cieza de León, Pedro de. The Incas. trans. Harriet de Onis. ed., Victor Wolfgang von Hagen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959.

Cobo, Bernabé. History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians’ Customs and Their Origin Together with a Treatise On Inka Legends, History, and Social Institutions. trans. and ed., Roland Hamilton. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1979.

D’Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.

Dearborn, David S.P. and Raymond E. White. “The ‘Torreón’ at Machu Picchu as an Observatory,” in Archaeoastronomy. no. 5, 37-49, 1983.

Gasparini, Graziano and Luise Margolies. Inca Architecture. trans. Patricia J. Lyon. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1980.

Las Casas, Bartolomé. Apologética Historia. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 105. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1958.

Morris, Craig and Donald E. Thompson. Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985.

Moseley, Michael E. The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.

Niles, Susan A. “Inca Architecture and the Sacred Landscape,” in The Ancient Americas: Art From the Sacred Landscapes, ed. Richard F. Townsend, 347-357. Chicago and Munich: The Art Institute of Chicago and Prestal Verlag, 1992.

Pasztory, Esther. Pre-Columbian Art. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Paternosto, César. The Stone and the Thread: Andean Roots of Abstract Art. trans. Esther Allen. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.

Polo de Ondegardo, Juan. “La Relación del linaje de los Incas y cómo extendieron ellos sus conquistas,” in Colección de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Perú. ed., Horacio H. Urteaga, vol. 4, pp. 45-94. Lima: Sanmartí, 1917 [1567].

Reinhard, Johan. Machu Picchu: The Sacred Center. Lima: Nuevas Imagenes, 1991.

_____. “Peru’s Ice Maidens: Unwrapping the Secrets,” in National Geographic. vol. 189, no. 6, 62-81, 1996.

_____. “At 22,000 Feet Children of Inca Sacrifice Found Frozen in Time,” in National Geographic. vol. 196, no. 5, 36-55, 1999.

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. Historia de los Incas. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles. vol. 135. 193-279. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1960 [1572].

Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes: From Chavín to Inca. 2nd ed. London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 2002.

Von Hagen, Adriana and Craig Morris. The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998.

Zuidema, R. Tom. “Inca Cosmos in Andean Context,” in Andean Cosmologies Through Time: Persistence and Emergence. eds., Robert V. H. Dover, Katharine E. Seibold and John H. McDowell. Boomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

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