1. Noah M. Pincus, Testimony before the Little Hoover Commission, August 23, 2001, available at http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhcdir/immigrant/PickusAug01.pdf.

2. J. Vance Thompson to Geo L. Bell, undated L, attached to Thompson to Bell, L, 28 July 1917, in Simon Julius Lubin MSS, carton 1, folder "Commission re Immigration and Housing-I.W.W. investigation, folder 1," Bancroft Library.

3. "Description" and "SUGGESTIONS" in Simon Julius Lubin MSS, carton 1, folder "Commission re Immigration and Housing-I.W.W. investigation, folder 1," Bancroft Library.

4. See Don Mitchell, Lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 79; Bruce Nelson, "J. Vance Thompson, the Industrial Workers of the World and the Mood of Syndicalism." Labor's Heritage 2,4 (1990): 53, 54, 57; and Elizabeth Reis, "Cannery Row: The A.F.L., the I.W.W. and the Bay Area Cannery Workers." California History, 64 (1985): 188-190.

5. Nelson, "J. Vance Thompson," 55.

6. William Preston Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933, 2d ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 55-56.

7. Walton Bean and James J. Rawls, California: An Interpretive History, 5th ed. (San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 266, 270, 272-273; Richard B. Rice, et al., The Elusive Eden: A New History of California (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 394.

8. Edwin Layton, "The Better America Federation: A Case Study of Superpatriotism," Pacific Historical Review 30,2 (1961): 137-139.

9. Ibid., 140-141. For a survey of the Red Scare, see Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s (1931; reprint, New York: Harper and Row, 1964) and Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, 208-237.

10. Layton, "The Better America Federation," 143.

11. Ibid., 146.

12. H.M. Haldeman to Lubin, L, 30 July 1920, box 1, folder "Better America Federation of California," Simon Julius Lubin MSS, Bancroft Library. Haldeman was the grandfather of H.R. Haldeman of Watergate fame.

13. The series appeared in the Survey from December 20, 1919 to March 6, 1920. Lubin and Krysto, "The Strength of the Nation: III. The Significance of Modern Migration," Survey (1920), 463. See also Lubin and Krysto, "The Strength of the Nation: I. Cracks in the Melting Pot," Survey 43 (1919): 258--259; Lubin, "The Strength of the Nation: II. The Conception of Nationality," (1920): 352--356; Lubin and Krysto, "The Strength of the Nation: III. The Significance of Modern Migration," (1920): 461--463; Lubin and Krysto, "The Strength of the Nation: IV. "Will Immigration Be Curtailed?," (1920): 542--548; Lubin and Krysto, "The Strength of the Nation: V. "The Menace of Americanization," (1920): 610--612; and Lubin and Krysto, "The Strength of the Nation: VI. Nation Building," (1920): 690--695. The program is outlined in "Strength," Pt. VI, 694--695.

14. Quoted in "Strength," Pt.I, 259; see also "Strength," Pt.II, 352.

15. "Strength," Pt.II, 353. "Too often is adoption attempted by means of a forced conversion, the established members of the nation believing that in order that the newcomer fit into his new home he must lose all those qualities which made him a member of the old."

16. "Strength," Pt. III, 463.

17. Ibid.

18. CCIH, Annual Report (1921), 10. CCIH, Bulletin, 1,1 (September 1920).

19. Wood, "State Activities for the Control and Welfare of Immigrants in California," 143.

20. Ibid., 155.

21. Bureau of Immigrant Education, Community Exchange Bulletin (March 1925), quoted in Wood, "State Activities for the Control and Welfare of Immigrants in California," 129, fn24a.

22. On the variations of the experiences of Mexican Americans see the positive expression in Ernesto Galarza's Barrio Boy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,1971) and Richardson's discussion of how Fresno County, where school boards had vowed "that they would never spend public money on the education of the "damn foreigners'" established a total of sixty-two classes, with fourteen high schools outside the city districts in Ethel Richardson, "Doing the Thing that Couldn't Be Done," Survey 56 (June 1, 1926): 334; on Asian complainants see CCIH, Annual Report (1915), 106 and CCIH, Annual Report (1927), 11; on Bulosan and McWilliams see McWilliams' introduction to America is in the Heart (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973, 1946). The Little Hoover Commission's findings were published as We The People: Helping Newcomers become Californians (Sacramento: Little Hoover Commission, 2002).

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